Skip to main page content

• HOME
• Current Issue
• Archive
• Alerts
• About ASM
• Contact us
• Tech Support
• Journals.ASM.org

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Balajee, S. A. Articles by Marr, K. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Balajee, S. A. Articles by Marr, K. A.

 Previous Article

Eukaryotic Cell, March 2005, p. 625-632, Vol. 4, No. 3
1535-9778/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/EC.4.3.625-632.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Aspergillus lentulus sp. nov., a New Sibling Species of A. fumigatus

S. Arunmozhi Balajee,¹ Jennifer L. Gribskov,¹ Edward Hanley,¹ David Nickle,² and Kieren A. Marr^1,3*

Program in Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,¹ Department of Microbiology,² Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington³

Received 29 November 2004/ Accepted 18 January 2005

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
In a prior study, we identified seven clinical isolates of an Aspergillus sp. that were slow to sporulate in multiple media and demonstrated decreased in vitro susceptibilities to multiple antifungals, including amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin. These isolates were initially considered to be variants of Aspergillus fumigatus because of differences in mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and unique randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR patterns (S. A. Balajee, M. Weaver, A. Imhof, J. Gribskov, and K. A. Marr, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1197-1203, 2004). The present study was performed to clarify the taxonomic status of these organisms by phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing of five genes (the ß-tubulin gene, the rodlet A gene, the salt-responsive gene, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and the internal transcribed spacer regions). Results revealed that four of the seven variant isolates clustered together in a clade very distant from A. fumigatus and distinct from other members of the A. fumigatus group. This new clade, consisting of four members, was monophyletic with strong bootstrap support when the protein-encoding regions were analyzed, indicating a new species status under the phylogenetic species concept. Phenotype studies revealed that the variant isolate has smaller conidial heads with diminutive vesicles compared to A. fumigatus and is not able to survive at 48°C. Our findings suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized, potentially drug-resistant Aspergillus species that we designate A. lentulus.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Aspergillus fumigatus is identified microscopically by characteristic blue-green conidia borne on uniseriate conidiophores with subclavate vesicles. However, A. fumigatus can be morphologically variable and several new species have been defined within this group on the basis of minor phenotypic differences. Species designation based on morphological characteristics is controversial because morphology is largely dependent on growth conditions (8). Predictions based on phenotypic methods of fungal species recognition are now being challenged by phylogenetic methods, whereby comparisons of nucleotide sequences of multiple genes are used to predict species. Recognizing species on the basis of phylogenetic relationships has uncovered "cryptic" species within morphologically indistinguishable organisms such as in Coccidioides immitis and A. flavus (7, 13).

In a recent study, we identified several poorly sporulating variants of A. fumigatus as a cause of invasive infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (1). All of these variants were initially identified as A. fumigatus by morphological characteristics, but they had distinct mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtcytb) gene sequences and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR patterns. These isolates were found to have low in vitro susceptibilities to multiple antifungal drugs, including amphotericin B (MICs, 1 to 2 µg/ml), itraconazole (MICs, 0.5 to 1 µg/ml), voriconazole (MICs, 4 µg/ml), and caspofungin (minimal effective concentrations, 4 to >32 µg/ml). As detailed in the prior report, patients from whom isolates were recovered all had poor clinical outcomes; all died with invasive aspergillosis despite receipt of antifungal therapies. In the present study, we evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of these variant isolates to A. fumigatus and related species by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results suggest the presence of a unique, previously unrecognized species that we designate A. lentulus. Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of this new species in the A. fumigatus series is presented.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Isolates. Isolates FH1, FH4, FH5, FH6, FH7, FH219, FH220, and FH221 were all obtained from clinical specimens of patients hospitalized at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and isolates CDC40 and CDC25 were clinical isolates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention culture collection (provided by David Warnock). All were identified morphologically as A. fumigatus by the clinical microbiology laboratory at the University of Washington Medical Center and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Well-characterized A. fumigatus isolates Af293 and B5233 were provided by David Denning and June Kwon-Chung, respectively. A. fumigatus isolate Af293 was confirmed to be A. fumigatus Fresenius by the National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (NCPF 7367) at the Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, United Kingdom, and by the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS 101355), Baarn, The Netherlands (16). Neosartorya fischeri (isolate 4075) and A. fumigatus var. ellipticus (isolate 5109) were provided by Stephen Peterson (U.S. Department of Agriculture).

MLST. For isolation of genomic DNA, 10⁶ conidia were inoculated into Sabouraud dextrose broth incubated while shaking for 3 days at 37°C, and the hyphal mat was washed in phosphate-buffered saline. Cell suspensions were treated with lyticase (10 U/ml; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) for 1 h at 37°C and then incubated in proteinase K for 1 h (10 µg/ml; Sigma) and in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (Sigma) for 2 h at 60°C. This suspension was subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles in liquid nitrogen, alternating with vortexing for 1 min with 0.2 g of 2-µm-diameter sterile glass beads (Sigma). Genomic DNA was isolated with the DNeasy tissue kit (QIAGEN 69504; Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

PCR primers were designed to amplify regions of the genes for rodlet A (rodA) and mtcytb and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene of A. fumigatus (Table 1). PCR primers for ß-tubulin were designed with the benA gene sequence from A. flavus (GenBank accession no. M38265) to find the corresponding sequence in Af293 (www.tigr.org/tdb/e2k1/afu1). The PCR primers for the salt-responsive gene (srg) were designed on the basis of the previously submitted A. fumigatus sequence (GenBank accession no. AF146225). PCR amplification of benA, rodA, srg, and the ITS regions was performed with 2 to 4 µl (100 ng) of DNA as the template in a total reaction volume of 50 µl consisting of PCR buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.4], 50 mM KCl); 0.2 mM each dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP; 1.2 to 1.6 mM MgSO₄; 0.2 pmol of (each) primer; 1 U of Pfx polymerase (Invitrogen-BRL, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.); and 1x PFX enhancer (Invitrogen). For benA, rodA, srg, and ITS, 30 cycles of amplification were performed in a GeneAmp PCR system 9700 thermalcycler (PE-Applied Biosystems) after initial denaturation of DNA at 94°C for 3 min. Each of the thirty cycles consisted of a denaturation step of 94°C for 15 s, an annealing step of 55°C for 30 s, and an extension step of 68°C for 30 s, and the last cycle was followed by a final extension at 68°C for 3 min. Amplification conditions for the mtcytb region consisted of an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 94°C followed by 30 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 2 min at 50°C, and 2 min at 72°C. A final extension of 8 min at 72°C followed the last amplification cycle. Products were visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel. The amplicons were purified with the QIAquick PCR purification kit (catalog no. 28104), and 100 ng of amplicon was mixed with 4 µl of Big Dye (PE-Applied Biosystems) and 10 pmol of primer (same as the respective PCR primers), and a 10-µl reaction mixture was run on a thermal cycler at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 50°C for 5 s, and 60°C for 4 min. Products were directly sequenced on a Perkin-Elmer/ABI model 373 DNA sequencer in accordance with the protocols supplied by the manufacturer. The resultant nucleotide sequences were edited with the SequencherTM program.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 1. PCR primers used in this study

Phylogenetic analysis. Each set of homologous gene sequences was aligned with CLUSTALW (22) and then manually adjusted when needed with MacClade (15). For studying phylogenetic relationships, sequences of other, closely related, isolates in the Aspergillus section Fumigati were obtained from the GenBank database, when available (Table 2). A. clavatus, a member of section Clavati, was chosen as an outgroup as it had been previously shown to be distinct from Aspergillus section Fumigati by both morphological and phylogenetic analyses (6). As the srg sequence of A. clavatus was not available in the GenBank database, the N. fischeri sequence was included as an outgroup in this analysis instead.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 2. Sequences used in the study

Likelihood ratio tests (10, 11) were used to derive a maximum-likelihood (ML) model of evolution that statistically fit the data while at the same time making the fewest assumptions about the evolution of the sequences themselves (18). Parameters derived from the best-fit model were then applied to the data sets to obtain ML trees with PAUP* (20). To arrive at an ML tree, we performed 10 random addition replicates with the most exhaustive branch-swapping algorithm, tree bisection-reconnection. Support for nodes was evaluated through bootstrapping with the neighbor-joining algorithm under the same ML model revealed by likelihood ratio tests (4). Bootstrap values were generated from 1,000 pseudoreplicates. Combined phylogeny was also performed from all of the five gene regions with ML and maximum-parsimony algorithms. For parsimony analysis of the combined data set, tree space was searched with the robust Branch and Bound algorithm in PAUP*4 to arrive at the most parsimonious tree. The genetic distances from A. lentulus to A. fumigatus and from A. fumigatus to N. fischeri were estimated in PAUP* with Model of Evolution as determined by the ML method. Statistical analyses were performed using the software package JMP (3.1 ed.; JMP Statistical Discovery Software, Cary, N.C.).

Growth studies. Growth characteristics (radial growth and conidiation) of the Aspergillus isolates were evaluated on Czapek dox agar (CZD; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Md.) and malt extract agar (MEA; Becton Dickinson) as described elsewhere (1). Briefly, for radial growth determination, 10 µl of the conidial suspension (10⁵ conidia/ml) was placed at the center of each agar plate, the plates were incubated at 25 and 37°C, and the diameter of the growing colony was recorded every 24 h for 5 days. For enumeration of spores, 10 µl of each conidial suspension (10⁶ conidia/ml) was plated and incubated at 37°C for 5 days. After colony growth, a plug of agar (1 cm²) was removed and suspended in 1 ml of distilled water and the number of conidia per ml was calculated.

Growth of the variant isolates and A. fumigatus Af293 and B5233 was evaluated at a range of temperatures. In brief, 10 µl of the conidial suspension (10⁵ conidia/ml) was placed in the center of a CZD agar plate containing Aspergillus minimal agar medium {6.0 g of NaNO₃, 0.52 g of KCl, 0.52 g of MgSO₄ · 7H₂O, 1.52 g of KH₂PO₄, 1 ml of trace elements [2.2 g of ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O, 1.1 g of H₃BO₃, 0.5 g of MnCl₂ · 4H₂O, 0.5 g of FeSO₄ · 7H₂O, 0.16 g of CoCl₂ · 5H₂O, 0.16 g of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O, (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ · 4H₂O, and 5.0 g of Na₄ EDTA in 100 ml of distilled water], 10 g of glucose (pH 6.5), 15 g of agar/liter of distilled H₂O}. Plates were incubated at 37, 45, or 48°C for 3 days, and the presence or absence of growth at the end of the incubation period was recorded.

Microscopy. Conidial heads of one variant isolate (FH5) and of A. fumigatus isolate Af293 were compared by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For SEM studies, Aspergillus isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar plugs at 37°C for 3 days. The agar plugs were fixed in half-strength Karnovsky's fixative for 4 h, rinsed two times in cacodylate buffer for 10 min, and incubated for 2 h in 2% osmium tetroxide-0.2 M cacodylate buffer (1:1). The plugs were then rinsed twice in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer over a period of 10 min and then passed through increasing concentrations of ethanol (35, 70, 95, and 100%) twice for 30-min periods. Pieces were cut from each sample and transferred to a critical-point dryer for a 20-min cycle. Samples were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with 30-nm gold-palladium alloy. An Amray 1820D scanning electron microscope was operated at an accelerating potential of 25 kV to view the fungal structures.

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers. Sequences of the benA, rodA, srg, mtcytb, and ITS regions of the variant isolates (FH4, FH5, FH7, and FH220) have been submitted to GenBank and assigned the accession numbers listed in Table 2.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Phylogenetic analyses. Three of seven variant isolates (FH1, FH6, and FH219) and isolates FH221, CDC40, and CDC25 had benA, rodA, srg, and ITS region sequences that were identical to those of A. fumigatus Af293 (data not shown); hence, these were classified as A. fumigatus. Four of the seven variant isolates (FH4, FH5, FH7, and FH220) were distinct from A. fumigatus in all of the gene regions analyzed, as described below.

The primers for the ß-tubulin gene amplified a total of 471 nucleotides, with 284 nucleotides in introns and 187 nucleotides in exons. In variant isolates FH4, FH5, FH7, and FH220, 34 nucleotide changes occurred in the noncoding regions, yielding 91% nucleotide homology with A. fumigatus. There were four nucleotide changes that occurred as silent changes when the sequences were translated. The ML tree topology inferred from benA revealed that N. fischeri and A. neoellipticus clustered together with A. fumigatus; A. neoellipticus was genetically indistinguishable from A. fumigatus. The ML tree topology also showed that the variant isolates were a monophyletic group, having a most recent ancestor in common with the clade that included A. fumigatus and N. fischeri isolates (Fig. 1).

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 1. ML tree of partial nucleotide sequences of genes for ß-tubulin (a) and rodlet A (b) from the variant isolates (in bold), A. fumigatus, and isolates assigned to Aspergillus section Fumigati. Asterisks indicate sequences of strains derived from the GenBank database. ML trees were generated with the PAUP* software; bootstrap values generated from 1,000 pseudoreplicates are shown.

The rodA primers amplified a total of 461 nucleotides, with 116 nucleotides in introns and 345 nucleotides in exons. Variant sequences contained 21 to 23 nucleotide changes in noncoding regions and 10 changes in coding regions, resulting in 91% homology at the nucleotide level. Translated sequences differed from A. fumigatus by five amino acids. The ML tree topology revealed that the variant A. fumigatus isolates clustered together as a monophyletic group with high bootstrap support, and the topology also showed that this clade had a most recent ancestor in common with the A. fumigatus-N. fischeri clade (Fig. 2). Again, A. neoellipticus and N. fischeri fell into the A. fumigatus clade.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 2. ML tree of partial nucleotide sequences of the salt-responsive gene (a), ITS (b), and mtcytb (c) regions of the variant isolates (in bold), A. fumigatus, and other isolates assigned to Aspergillus section Fumigati whose sequences were available in the GenBank database (denoted by asterisks). Bootstrap values generated from 1,000 pseudoreplicates are shown. ML trees and bootstrap values were generated as outlined in Materials and Methods.

The srg primers amplified a 450-bp region containing no introns. The sequences of the variant isolates had 38 to 40 nucleotide changes, which resulted in 91% homology at the nucleotide level. Since the srg sequences of other members of the section Fumigati were not yet available in the GenBank database, our phylogenetic analysis was restricted to the sequences generated in this study. The ML tree topology revealed that the variant isolates were clustered together, distant from the A. fumigatus clade, with nodes having high bootstrap support (Fig. 2).

The mtcytb primers amplified a 426-bp fragment. Three nucleotide changes and one amino acid change were present in the variant isolates, resulting in 99% homology with A. fumigatus at the nucleotide level. Amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of the Aspergillus isolates, which have been shown to be phylogenetically useful, generated 612-bp PCR products. Alignment of contiguous sequences revealed two nucleotide changes in the ITS1 region and three nucleotide changes in the ITS2 region. No nucleotide changes were observed in the short 5.8S region. The variant sequence was 98% homologous to the A. fumigatus sequence. Neither the gene for mtcytb nor the ITS sequences yielded well-resolved trees because there are few variable sites in these regions, but all of the variant isolates fell in a cluster well separated from A. fumigatus and all of the other isolates in the A. fumigatus group (Fig. 2 and data not shown).

Combined-evidence phylogeny trees were generated by both the ML and maximum-parsimony methods. Both analyses generated trees with a topology that resembled that of the ML trees from single loci (Fig. 3a and b). The genetic distance of the variant isolates from A. fumigatus across the four gene regions studied was as great as or greater than the genetic distance from A. fumigatus to N. fischeri (Table 3).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 3. ML (a) and maximum-parsimony (b) trees generated from sequences from all five loci. Bootstrap values generated from 1,000 pseudoreplicates are shown.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 3. Genetic distances

Phenotypic analyses. Growth of the variant isolates on CZD and MEA was comparable to growth of A. fumigatus isolates at 37°C (1). The variant isolates sporulated poorly in both of the media tested, but conidial germination and hyphal elongation rates of the variant isolates were equivalent to those of A. fumigatus (data not shown). Unlike A. fumigatus, which grows at 45 and 48°C (2), the variant isolates grew poorly at 45°C and did not grow at all at 48°C.

DIC microscopy images of Af293 and FH5 conidial heads revealed that the vesicles of the variant are smaller, with diameters of 15 and 22 µm for FH5 and Af293, respectively (Fig. 4a and b). The flask-shaped phialides of FH5 also appear somewhat shorter than those of A. fumigatus. Conidia arise mostly from the top half of the vesicles in the variant isolates. Scanning electron micrographs of variant FH5 and A. fumigatus isolate Af293 also revealed that the variant isolate has smaller conidial heads (Fig. 4c and d), but the conidium characteristics (color, size, shape, and ornamentation) of the variants appear similar to those of A. fumigatus (Fig. 4e and f).

View larger version (123K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 4. DIC microscopy images of conidial heads of variant FH5 (a) and A. fumigatus Af293 (b) and SEM images of variant FH5 (c) and A. fumigatus Af293 (d). Both images were produced with a magnification of x2,000. SEM images at a magnification of x20,000 of conidia of variant FH5 (e) and A. fumigatus Af293 (f) are also shown.

Given the genotypic and phenotypic uniqueness of these variant isolates, we propose that they be raised to a species. We propose the name A. lentulus, to denote the slow-sporulating phenotype of these fungi.

Aspergillus lentulus S. A. Balajee and K. A. Marr sp. nov. Coloniae in MFA factae erant 30 ad 35 mm diametro post 7 dies in 25°C et 50 ad 55 mm post 7 dies in 37°C. Coloniae textu plerumque fluccosae, colore fere albae, inmixtae cum colonis coloris viridis olearum. Isolates saepe tam male sporulant ut colonia subalba colore appareat. Contrarium coloniae colore flavum necum pigmento diffusabile. Coloniae in CZD similes, sed fluccosiores albioresque cum nulla vel parvissima sporulatione in utrisque temperationibus. Stipes vallis levibus et sine colore et 250 ad 300 mm longitudine; vesiculae exiguae 8 ad 10 mm latitudine, hyalines, subclavatione forma, et fertiles solum in dimidia parte regionis. Paucae phialidium uniseriatium forma lagunculae brevis gignunt conidia 2.5 ad 3 mm diametro. Conidia pauciora quam sex aut septem per seriem, et conidia colore caerulea aut coloris viridis olearum, globosa, et superficie aspera cum ornamentis.

Holotype. Colonies of FH5 were grown on potato dextrose agar for 5 days and dried; this specimen was deposited in the National Fungus Herbarium (BPI), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md., and has been assigned BPI accession number 863540. A live culture of variant isolate FH5 has also been submitted to the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., and has been assigned number MYA-3566.

Etymology. The word lentulus means somewhat slow in Latin; this name was chosen to reflect the slow-sporulating phenotype of these fungi.

Colonies on MEA attain a diameter of 30 to 35 mm after 7 days at 25°C and 50 to 55 mm after 7 days at 37°C. Colony texture is mostly floccose, and colonies are usually white, interspersed with olive-green colonies. Isolates often sporulate poorly, giving the colony a whitish appearance. In reverse, colonies are yellow in color with no diffusible pigment. Colonies appear similar on CZD but more floccose and white, with no or very little sporulation at both temperatures. Stipes are smooth walled, colorless, and 250 to 300 µm long; vesicles are diminutive, 8 to 10 µm wide, hyaline, subclavate in shape, and fertile over only half of the area. Few short, flask-shaped, uniseriate phialides give rise to conidia 2.5 to 3.0 µm in diameter. Conidia are fewer than six or seven per chain, bluish to olive green in color, and globose, and the surface is rough with ornamentation.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We previously identified seven poorly sporulating isolates that were initially identified as A. fumigatus; on the basis of unique randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR patterns and mitochondrial sequences, we reported these isolates to be A. fumigatus variants (1). Although the MICs of multiple antifungals for all of the variant isolates were high and the fungi had a slow-sporulating phenotype, MLST results showed that three of the seven variant isolates were identical to A. fumigatus and four belong to a distinct species within the A. fumigatus group. The in vitro MICs of multiple antifungals for clinical isolates of this new species, designated A. lentulus, are high, and the fungi do not grow at 48°C, which is an important phenotype that is helpful in differentiating them from A. fumigatus, which is able to grow at this elevated temperature (2).

The five gene genealogies examined indicate genetic isolation between A. fumigatus and A. lentulus, providing evidence of a distinct species under the phylogenetic species recognition concept (21). The phylogenetic species recognition concept recognizes species boundaries by using genealogical concordance of multiple independent loci (3). A. lentulus isolates were present as a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support in the majority (three of five) of the single-locus genealogies studied, thus fulfilling the genealogical concordance and genealogical nondiscordance criteria put forward by the phylogenetic species recognition concept (3). Combined-evidence phylogeny trees generated by both the ML and maximum-parsimony methods had a topology similar to that of trees generated from single loci, further supporting the genetic uniqueness of A. lentulus.

All four isolates of A. lentulus appear to be genetically distinct from fungi assigned to Aspergillus section Fumigati, specifically, N. aureola, N. fischeri, A. viridinutans, and A. fumigatus. It was previously shown that A. fumigatus forms a strongly supported clade with N. fischeri (7). The present study reveals that A. lentulus isolates cluster well separated from the A. fumigatus-N. fischeri clade. Our results confirm the genetic similarity between A. fumigatus and A. neoellipticus, as shown by other investigators (6, 14, 26). In contrast, A. lentulus is a distinct species, consistently clustering independently, with large genetic distances from both A. lentulus and N. fischeri.

Although the genes for mtcytb and the ITS regions did not have enough phylogenetic signal (i.e., too few mutations) to resolve the evolutionary relationships with strong bootstrap support, these gene sequences did demonstrate that A. lentulus is just as divergent from A. fumigatus as is N. fischeri.

Interestingly, only four of the seven variant isolates that were initially identified were A. lentulus by the MLST method. Although the other three variant isolates were similar to A. lentulus by limited genetic analysis and phenotype (1), robust phylogenetic analysis revealed that these three isolates were genetically similar to A. fumigatus. Thus, the results of our study agree with the conclusions of prior investigations, finding that morphological characteristics have limited utility for inferring phylogenetic relationships of isolates within Aspergillus section Fumigati (6). Molecular studies increasingly show that the many known single "species" of fungi actually consist of several phylogenetically different species (8). Phylogenetics has revealed cryptic species in numerous fungi, including Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. bombycis (5, 7, 17, 19). The species designation of morphologically variable A. fumigatus has been controversial thus far; phylogenetic analysis of specific DNA sequences may help define "species" within this group in a more reliable and objective fashion.

Varga and colleagues found that an atypical A. fumigatus isolate (recovered from soil in Western Australia) was highly divergent on the basis of toxin profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the sequences of the genes for mitochondrial DNA and ß-tubulin; because of these differences, these authors concluded that this isolate may represent a new, unrecognized species. A more recent phylogenetic analysis of another isolate (MK245), recovered as a cause of aspergillosis in a transplant patient in New South Wales, Australia, showed that this isolate may in fact be a new species distinct from A. viridinutans and A. fumigatus (11a). Interestingly, the sequence of the gene for ß-tubulin of this Aspergillus sp. isolate (MK245; GenBank accession no. AY590128) is 100% homologous to the A. lentulus sequence (this study; accession no. AY738513), suggesting that A. lentulus isolates may have a wide geographic distribution. More study is necessary to confirm the identity of the Australian isolate.

We report the isolation of a previously unrecognized Aspergillus species, A. lentulus, which currently includes four clinical isolates. Since all A. lentulus isolates caused invasive disease and have decreased susceptibilities to multiple antifungal drugs, correct identification and characterization of these fungi may have both epidemiological and clinical significance. Identification to the species level appears to be important for the genus Aspergillus, as members of this genus may demonstrate variable susceptibility to antifungal drugs (e.g., the MICs of amphotericin B for A. terreus are higher) (25). The significance of the decreased in vitro susceptibility of A. lentulus isolates is unknown, but if studies suggest that they demonstrate in vivo resistance to antifungal drugs, it will become yet more important to differentiate A. lentulus from A. fumigatus in clinical samples. Since poorly sporulating "A. fumigatus" isolates are commonly recovered from clinical specimens (12), this may be an issue of reasonable significance. The A. lentulus isolates examined have smaller vesicles than does A. fumigatus, but it is difficult to distinguish these features on the basis of microscopic examinations alone. However, none of the A. lentulus isolates were able to thrive at 48°C, and this may be an important phenotype that can be used in clinical microbiology laboratories to distinguish A. lentulus from A. fumigatus. Molecular methods or metabolite profiles may be necessary to definitively identify these isolates to the species level. Work is under way to further define the clinical significance of this new Aspergillus species.

 
We acknowledge S. W. Peterson, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for expert advice in Aspergillus speciation; Leslie Boba Joshi from the Department of Classics at the University of Washington for Latin translation; and Adrian Quintanilla and Franque Remington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, for assistance with DIC microscopy and SEM, respectively. We thank M. E. Katz (University of New England, Armidale) for sharing unpublished data.

This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (R21 AI 55928) to K.A.M.

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Program in Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109. Phone: (206) 667-6702. Fax: (206) 667-4411. E-mail: kmarr{at}fhcrc.org.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1
1. Balajee, S. A., M. Weaver, A. Imhof, J. Gribskov, and K. A. Marr. 2004. Aspergillus fumigatus variant with decreased susceptibility to multiple antifungals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1197-1203.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2
2. Chang, Y. C., H. F. Tsai, M. Karos, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 2004. THTA, a thermotolerance gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet. Biol. 41:888-896.[CrossRef][Medline]
3
3. Dettman, J. R., D. J. Jacobson, and J. W. Taylor. 2003. A multilocus genealogical approach to phylogenetic species recognition in the model eukaryote Neurospora. Evol. Int. J. Org. Evol. 57:2703-2720.
4
4. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791.[CrossRef]
5
5. Franzot, S. P., I. F. Salkin, and A. Casadevall. 1999. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:838-840.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6
6. Geiser, D. M., J. C. Frisrad, and J. W. Taylor. 1998. Evolutionary relationships in Aspergillus section Fumigati inferred from partial beta-tubulin and hydrophobin DNA sequences. Mycologia 90:831-845.[CrossRef]
7
7. Geiser, D. M., J. I. Pitt, and J. W. Taylor. 1998. Cryptic speciation and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:388-393.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8
8. Guarro, J., J. Gené, and A. M. Stchigel. 1999. Developments in fungal taxonomy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12:454-500.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9
9. Henry, T., P. C. Iwen, and S. H. Hinrichs. 2000. Identification of Aspergillus species using internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1510-1515.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10
10. Huelsenback, J. P., and K. A. Crandall. 1997. Phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:437-466.[CrossRef]
11
11. Huelsenbeck, J. P., and B. Rannala. 1997. Phylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context. Science 276:227-232.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11
12. Katz, M. E., A. M. Dougall, K. Weeks, and B. F. Cheetham. 2005. Multiple genetically distinct groups revealed among clinical isolates identified as atypical Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:551-555.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12
13. Klich, M. A. 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
13
14. Koufopanou, V., A. Burt, and J. W. Taylor. 1997. Concordance of gene genealogies reveals reproductive isolation in the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:5478-5482.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14
15. Kozakiewicz, Z. 1989. Aspergillus species on stored products. Mycol. Pap. 161:1-188.
15
16. Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 2001. MacClade—analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass.
16
17. Pain, A., J. Woodward, M. A. Quail, M. J. Anderson, R. Clark, M. Collins, N. Fosker, A. Fraser, D. Harris, N. Larke, L. Murphy, S. Humphray, S. O'Neil, M. Pertea, C. Price, E. Rabbinowitsch, M. A. Rajandream, S. Salzberg, D. Saunders, K. Seeger, S. Sharp, T. Warren, D. W. Denning, B. Barrell, and N. Hall. 2004. Insight into the genome of Aspergillus fumigatus: analysis of a 922 kb region encompassing the nitrate assimilation gene cluster. Fungal Genet. Biol. 41:443-453.[CrossRef][Medline]
17
18. Peterson, S. W., Y. Ito, B. W. Horn, and T. Goto. 2001. Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A. nomius. Mycologia 93:689-703.[CrossRef]
18
19. Posada, D., and K. A. Crandall. 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817-818.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19
20. Sullivan, D. J., T. J. Westerneng, K. A. Haynes, D. E. Bennett, and D. C. Coleman. 1995. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology 141(Pt. 7):1507-1521.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20
21. Swofford, D. L. 1999. PAUP* 4.0: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), 4.0b2a ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass.
21
22. Taylor, J. W., D. J. Jacobson, S. Kroken, T. Kasuga, D. M. Geiser, D. S. Hibbett, and M. C. Fisher. 2000. Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fungal Genet. Biol. 31:21-32.[CrossRef][Medline]
22
23. Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins, and T. J. Gibson. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23
24. Varga, J., K. Rigo, J. Molnar, B. Toth, S. Szencz, J. Teren, and Z. Kozakiewicz. 2003. Mycotoxin production and evolutionary relationships among species of Aspergillus section Clavati. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 83:191-200.
24
25. Varga, J., Z. Vida, B. Toth, F. Debets, and Y. Horie. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of newly described Neosartorya species. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 77:235-239.
25
26. Walsh, T. J., V. Petraitis, R. Petraitiene, A. Field-Ridley, D. Sutton, M. Ghannoum, T. Sein, R. Schaufele, J. Peter, J. Bacher, H. Casler, D. Armstrong, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. G. Rinaldi, and C. A. Lyman. 2003. Experimental pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus: pathogenesis and treatment of an emerging fungal pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis. 188:305-319.[CrossRef][Medline]
26
27. Wang, L., K. Yokoyama, M. Miyaji, and K. Nishimura. 2000. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1352-1358.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

---

Eukaryotic Cell, March 2005, p. 625-632, Vol. 4, No. 3
1535-9778/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/EC.4.3.625-632.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Balajee, S. A., Kano, R., Baddley, J. W., Moser, S. A., Marr, K. A., Alexander, B. D., Andes, D., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Perrone, G., Peterson, S., Brandt, M. E., Pappas, P. G., Chiller, T. (2009). Molecular Identification of Aspergillus Species Collected for the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 3138-3141 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Klich, M. A (2009). Health effects of Aspergillus in food and air. Toxicol Ind Health 25: 657-667 [Abstract]  
• Staab, J. F., Balajee, S. A., Marr, K. A. (2009). Aspergillus Section Fumigati Typing by PCR-Restriction Fragment Polymorphism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2079-2083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Baddley, J. W., Peterson, S. W., Nickle, D., Varga, J., Boey, A., Lass-Florl, C., Frisvad, J. C., Samson, R. A., and the ISHAM Working Group on A. terreus, (2009). Aspergillus alabamensis, a New Clinically Relevant Species in the Section Terrei. Eukaryot Cell 8: 713-722 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Borman, A. M., Brandt, M. E., Cano, J., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Dannaoui, E., Guarro, J., Haase, G., Kibbler, C. C., Meyer, W., O'Donnell, K., Petti, C. A., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Sutton, D., Velegraki, A., Wickes, B. L. (2009). Sequence-Based Identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Mucorales Species in the Clinical Mycology Laboratory: Where Are We and Where Should We Go from Here?. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 877-884 [Full Text]  
• Etienne, K. A., Kano, R., Balajee, S. A. (2009). Development and Validation of a Microsphere-Based Luminex Assay for Rapid Identification of Clinically Relevant Aspergilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 1096-1100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Montenegro, G., Sanchez Puch, S., Jewtuchowicz, V. M., Pinoni, M. V., Relloso, S., Temporitti, E., Iovannitti, C. A., Mujica, M. T. (2009). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Aspergillus lentulus and Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in a patient with probable invasive aspergillosis. J Med Microbiol 58: 391-395 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alcazar-Fuoli, L., Mellado, E., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L. (2008). Aspergillus Section Fumigati: Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns and Sequence-Based Identification. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 1244-1251 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peterson, S. W. (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of Aspergillus species using DNA sequences from four loci. Mycologia 100: 205-226 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borman, A. M., Linton, C. J., Miles, S.-J., Johnson, E. M. (2008). Molecular identification of pathogenic fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: i7-i12 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woo, P. C. Y., Lau, C. C. Y., Chong, K. T. K., Tse, H., Tsang, D. N. C., Lee, R. A., Tse, C. W. S., Que, T.-l., Chung, L. M. W., Ngan, A. H. Y., Hui, W.-t., Wong, S. S. Y., Lau, S. K. P., Yuen, K.-y. (2007). MP1 Homologue-Based Multilocus Sequence System for Typing the Pathogenic Fungus Penicillium marneffei: a Novel Approach Using Lineage-Specific Genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 3647-3654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zeng, X., Kong, F., Halliday, C., Chen, S., Lau, A., Playford, G., Sorrell, T. C. (2007). Reverse Line Blot Hybridization Assay for Identification of Medically Important Fungi from Culture and Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2872-2880 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Lindsley, M. D., Iqbal, N., Ito, J., Pappas, P. G., Brandt, M. E. (2007). Nonsporulating Clinical Isolate Identified as Petromyces alliaceus (Anamorph Aspergillus alliaceus) by Morphological and Sequence-Based Methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2701-2703 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Tay, S. T., Lasker, B. A., Hurst, S. F., Rooney, A. P. (2007). Characterization of a Novel Gene for Strain Typing Reveals Substructuring of Aspergillus fumigatus across North America. Eukaryot Cell 6: 1392-1399 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bain, J. M., Tavanti, A., Davidson, A. D., Jacobsen, M. D., Shaw, D., Gow, N. A. R., Odds, F. C. (2007). Multilocus Sequence Typing of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1469-1477 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pasqualotto, A. C., Denning, D. W., Anderson, M. J. (2007). A Cautionary Tale: Lack of Consistency in Allele Sizes between Two Laboratories for a Published Multilocus Microsatellite Typing System. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 522-528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Antachopoulos, C., Meletiadis, J., Sein, T., Roilides, E., Walsh, T. J. (2007). Use of high inoculum for early metabolic signalling and rapid susceptibility testing of Aspergillus species. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 230-237 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Geiser, D.M., Klich, M.A., Frisvad, J.C., Peterson, S.W., Varga, J., Samson, R.A. (2007). The current status of species recognition and identification in Aspergillus. SIM 59: 1-10 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S.A., Houbraken, J., Verweij, P.E., Hong, S-B., Yaghuchi, T., Varga, J., Samson, R.A. (2007). Aspergillus species identification in the clinical setting. SIM 59: 39-46 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Samson, R.A., Hong, S., Peterson, S.W., Frisvad, J.C., Varga, J. (2007). Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Fumigati and its teleomorph Neosartorya. SIM 59: 147-203 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gilgado, F., Serena, C., Cano, J., Gene, J., Guarro, J. (2006). Antifungal Susceptibilities of the Species of the Pseudallescheria boydii Complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 4211-4213 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Nickle, D., Varga, J., Marr, K. A. (2006). Molecular Studies Reveal Frequent Misidentification of Aspergillus fumigatus by Morphotyping.. Eukaryot Cell 5: 1705-1712 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balajee, S. A., Gribskov, J., Brandt, M., Ito, J., Fothergill, A., Marr, K. A. (2005). Mistaken Identity: Neosartorya pseudofischeri and Its Anamorph Masquerading as Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5996-5999 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong, S.-B., Go, S.-J., Shin, H.-D., Frisvad, J. C., Samson, R. A. (2005). Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species.. Mycologia 97: 1316-1329 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• MacCallum, D. M., Whyte, J. A., Odds, F. C. (2005). Efficacy of Caspofungin and Voriconazole Combinations in Experimental Aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3697-3701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Balajee, S. A. Articles by Marr, K. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Balajee, S. A. Articles by Marr, K. A.