Eukaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell, September 2007, p. 1682-1692, Vol. 6, No. 9
1535-9778/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/EC.00208-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Trichoderma atroviride PHR1, a Fungal Photolyase Responsible for DNA Repair, Autoregulates Its Own Photoinduction{triangledown}

Gloria M. Berrocal-Tito,1,{dagger} Edgardo U. Esquivel-Naranjo,1 Benjamin A. Horwitz,2 and Alfredo Herrera-Estrella1*

Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, A.P. 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, México,1 Department of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel2

Received 30 June 2006/ Accepted 18 May 2007

The photolyases, DNA repair enzymes that use visible and long-wavelength UV light to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) created by short-wavelength UV, belong to the larger photolyase-cryptochrome gene family. Cryptochromes (UVA-blue light photoreceptors) lack repair activity, and sensory and regulatory roles have been defined for them in plants and animals. Evolutionary considerations indicate that cryptochromes diverged from CPD photolyases before the emergence of eukaryotes. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, some photolyases might have photosensory functions. phr1 codes for a class I CPD photolyase in Trichoderma atroviride. phr1 is rapidly induced by blue and UVA light, and its photoinduction requires functional blue light regulator (BLR) proteins, which are White Collar homologs in Trichoderma. Here we show that deletion of phr1 abolished photoreactivation of UVC (200 to 280 nm)-inhibited spores and thus that PHR1 is the main component of the photorepair system. The 2-kb 5' upstream region of phr1, with putative light-regulated elements, confers blue light regulation on a reporter gene. To assess phr1 photosensory function, fluence response curves of this light-regulated promoter were tested in null mutant ({Delta}phr1) strains. Photoinduction of the phr1 promoter in {Delta}phr1 strains was >5-fold more sensitive to light than that in the wild type, whereas in PHR1-overexpressing lines the sensitivity to light increased about 2-fold. Our data suggest that PHR1 may regulate its expression in a light-dependent manner, perhaps through negative modulation of the BLR proteins. This is the first evidence for a regulatory role of photolyase, a role usually attributed to cryptochromes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, A.P. 629, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, México. Phone: 52 462 6239600. Fax: 52 462 6245849. E-mail: aherrera{at}ira.cinvestav.mx

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 1 June 2007.

{dagger} Present address: UMR Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Santé Végétale, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche de Sophia-Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Eukaryotic Cell, September 2007, p. 1682-1692, Vol. 6, No. 9
1535-9778/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/EC.00208-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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