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Eukaryotic Cell, October 2004, p. 1331-1348, Vol. 3, No. 5
1535-9778/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/EC.3.5.1331-1348.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Insights into the Survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during Sulfur Starvation Based on Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression{dagger} ,{ddagger}

Zhaoduo Zhang,1 Jeff Shrager,2 Monica Jain,2 Chiung-Wen Chang,2 Olivier Vallon,2,3 and Arthur R. Grossman2*

Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore,1 Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California,2 Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France3

Received 15 June 2004/ Accepted 9 July 2004

Responses of photosynthetic organisms to sulfur starvation include (i) increasing the capacity of the cell for transporting and/or assimilating exogenous sulfate, (ii) restructuring cellular features to conserve sulfur resources, and (iii) modulating metabolic processes and rates of cell growth and division. We used microarray analyses to obtain a genome-level view of changes in mRNA abundances in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur starvation. The work confirms and extends upon previous findings showing that sulfur deprivation elicits changes in levels of transcripts for proteins that help scavenge sulfate and economize on the use of sulfur resources. Changes in levels of transcripts encoding members of the light-harvesting polypeptide family, such as LhcSR2, suggest restructuring of the photosynthetic apparatus during sulfur deprivation. There are also significant changes in levels of transcripts encoding enzymes involved in metabolic processes (e.g., carbon metabolism), intracellular proteolysis, and the amelioration of oxidative damage; a marked and sustained increase in mRNAs for a putative vanadium chloroperoxidase and a peroxiredoxin may help prolong survival of C. reinhardtii during sulfur deprivation. Furthermore, many of the sulfur stress-regulated transcripts (encoding polypeptides associated with sulfate uptake and assimilation, oxidative stress, and photosynthetic function) are not properly regulated in the sac1 mutant of C. reinhardtii, a strain that dies much more rapidly than parental cells during sulfur deprivation. Interestingly, sulfur stress elicits dramatic changes in levels of transcripts encoding putative chloroplast-localized chaperones in the sac1 mutant but not in the parental strain. These results suggest various strategies used by photosynthetic organisms during acclimation to nutrient-limited growth.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institute, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: (650) 325-1521, ext. 212. Fax: (650) 325-6857. E-mail: arthurg{at}stanford.edu.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://ec.asm.org/.

{ddagger} This is Carnegie Institution Publication no. 1626.

Eukaryotic Cell, October 2004, p. 1331-1348, Vol. 3, No. 5
1535-9778/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/EC.3.5.1331-1348.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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