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Eukaryotic Cell, August 2002, p. 634-642, Vol. 1, No. 4
1535-9778/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/EC.1.4.634-642.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Shared and Independent Roles for a G_i Protein and Adenylyl Cyclase in Regulating Development and Stress Responses in Neurospora crassa

F. Douglas Ivey,^1, Ann M. Kays,^1, and Katherine A. Borkovich^1*

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas—Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030

Received 28 September 2001/ Accepted 15 May 2002

Growth and development are regulated using cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent and -independent pathways in Neurospora crassa. The cr-1 adenylyl cyclase mutant lacks detectable cAMP and exhibits numerous defects, including colonial growth habit, short aerial hyphae, premature conidiation on plates, inappropriate conidiation in submerged culture, and increased thermotolerance. Evidence suggests that the heterotrimeric G protein GNA-1 is a direct positive regulator of adenylyl cyclase. gna-1 strains are female-sterile, and gna-1 strains have reduced apical extension rates on normal and hyperosmotic medium, greater resistance to oxidative and heat stress, and stunted aerial hyphae compared to the wild-type strain. In this study, a gna-1 cr-1 double mutant was analyzed to differentiate cAMP-dependent and -independent signaling pathways regulated by GNA-1. gna-1 cr-1 mutants have severely restricted colonial growth and do not produce aerial hyphae on plates or in standing liquid cultures. Addition of cAMP to plates or standing liquid cultures rescues cr-1, but not gna-1 cr-1, defects, which is consistent with previous results demonstrating that gna-1 mutants do not respond to exogenous cAMP. The females of all strains carrying the gna-1 mutation are sterile; however, unlike cr-1 and gna-1 strains, the gna-1 cr-1 mutant does not produce protoperithecia. The gna-1 and cr-1 mutations were synergistic with respect to inappropriate conidiation during growth in submerged culture. Thermotolerance followed the order wild type < gna-1 < cr-1 = gna-1 cr-1, consistent with a cAMP-dependent process. Taken together, the results suggest that in general, GNA-1 and CR-1 regulate N. crassa growth and development using parallel pathways, while thermotolerance is largely dependent on cAMP.

Present address: Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467.

Present address: Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142-1493.

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